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“SPRING” WHEAT
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1
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<40°
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32.0
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Low rainfall irrigated, coolest quarter (3 consecutive months) mean min temp > 3oC < 11oC
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Temperate
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Autumn
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Resistance to lodging, SR, LR, YR, KB, Alternaria spp.
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Yaqui Valley, Mexico; Indus Valley, Pakistan; Gangetic Valley, India; Nile Valley, Egypt
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N–Rising temperatures result in large areas evolving to ME5
N–Reduced precipitation in subtropical regions restricts irrigation; supplementary irrigation results in temporary drought periods requiring germplasm with high yield and tolerance to drought (adapted to ME1 and ME4)
P–Reduced irrigation due to impact of elevated CO2 on water use efficiency
N-Increased insect problems
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2A
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<40°
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4.0
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High rainfall in summer; wettest quarter mean min temp >3oC < 16oC, wettest quarter (3 consecutive wettest months) precipitation > 250mm ; elevation . 1400m
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Temperate
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Autumn
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As for ME1 + resistance to LR, YR, Septoria spp., PM, RDC, BYDV, sprouting
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Highlands East Africa and Mexico, Andes
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N–Rising temperatures result in some areas evolving to ME5
N–Reduced precipitation result in areas evolving to ME4
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2B
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<40°
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3.0
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High rainfall winter rain; coolest quarter mean min temp >3oC <16oC; elevation , 1400m
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Temperate
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Autumn
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As for ME1 + resistance to LR, YR, Septoria spp., PM, RDC, BYDV, sprouting
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Mediterranean Coast, Caspian Sea
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U–Changes in precipitation patterns in areas will have variable effects
N-Frequency of climate extremes over years increase requiring germplasm with high yield potential, wide spectrum of disease resistance and tolerance to drought
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3
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<40°
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1.7
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High rainfall acid soil; climate as in ME2 and pH < 5.2
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Temperate
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Autumn
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As for ME2 + acid soil tolerance
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Passo Fundo, Brazil
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N–Rising temperatures result in large areas evolving to ME5
U–Changes in precipitation patterns in areas will have variable effects
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4A
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<40°
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10.0
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Low rainfall, winter rainfall dominant; coolest quarter mean min temp >3oC <11oC; wettest quarter precipitation > 100 mm < 400mm
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Temperate
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Autumn
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Resistance to drought, Septoria spp., YR, LR, SR, RDC, Hessian fly, Sawfly
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Settat, Morocco; Aleppo, Syria; Diyarbakir, Turkey
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N–Rising temperatures exacerbates water deficits, either further reducing yields or making production uneconomical
P–Reduced water deficits through impact of elevated CO2 on water use efficiency
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4B
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<40°
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5.8
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Low rainfall, summer rainfall dominant; coolest quarter mean min temp >3oC <11oC; wettest quarter precipitation> 200 mm < 500mm
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Temperate
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Autumn
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Resistance to drought, Septoria spp., LR, SR, Fusarium spp.
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Marcos Juarez, Argentina
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N–Changes in precipitation patterns likely to increase drought risk
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4C
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<40°
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5.8
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Mostly residual moisture ; coolest quarter mean min temp >3oC <16oC; wettest quarter precipitation > 100 mm < 400mm
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Hot
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Autumn
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Resistance to drought, and heat in seedling stage, SR
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Indore, India
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U–Changes in precipitation patterns in areas will have variable effects
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5A
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<40°
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3.9
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High rainfall/ irrigated, humid; coolest quarter mean min temp >11oC <16oC;
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Hot
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Autumn
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Tolerance to heat, Helmintho-sporium spp., Fusarium spp., sprouting; in Brazil Bolivia and Paraguay wheat blast
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Eastern Gangetic Plains in Nepal, India, Bangladesh; Londrina, Brazil
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N–Rising temperatures result in large areas becoming unsuitable for wheat; cropping systems and agronomy practices allowing early sowing of wheat paramount
N–Increasing biotic stress
U–Elevated CO2 may increase water use efficiency, but the same mechanism implies increased canopy temperature, which likely would exacerbate heat stress
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5B
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<40°
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3.2
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Irrigated , low humidity; coolest quarter mean min temp >11oC <16oC;
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Hot
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Autumn
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Resistance to heat and SR, LR
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Gezira, Sudan; Kano, Nigeria
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N–Rising temperatures result in large areas becoming unsuitable for wheat
N–Increasing biotic stress
U–Elevated CO2 may increase water use efficiency, but the same mechanism implies increased canopy temperature, which likely would exacerbate heat stress
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6
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>40°
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11.0
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Moderate rainfall/ summer dominant; high latitude . 45oN; coolest quarter mean min temp <- 13oC; warmest quarter mean min temp> 9oC;
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Temperate
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S
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Resistance to drought, SR, LR, Tan spot, Scab, photoperiod sensitivity
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Kazakhstan; Siberia; Harbin, China
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P–Rising temperatures allow wheat production in higher latitudes - wheat area expansion likely
P-Lengthen growing season permits marginal areas to become productive
P–Reduced risk of winter-kill allows conversion to more productive winter wheat
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Facultative Wheat
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7 A
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<40°
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6.0
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Irrigated
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Moderate cold
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Autumn
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Rapid grain fill, resistance to cold, YR, LR, PM, BYD, Bunt, LS
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Henan, China;
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U–Reduced cold stress allows growing fall sown spring wheat, possibly reducing yield potential but shortening growing season offering more options for diversifying cropping systems
P–Reduced irrigation due to impact of elevated CO2 on water use efficiency
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7 B
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<40°
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3.0
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Irrigated, often only supplementary irrigation
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Moderate cold
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Autumn
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YR, Bunt, LR, SR, LS
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Turkey; Iran; Central Asia; Afghanistan
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U–Reduced cold stress allows growing fall sown spring wheat, possibly reducing yield potential but shortening growing season offering more options for diversifying cropping systems
P–Reduced irrigation due to impact of elevated CO2 on water use efficiency
N-Supplementary irrigation with temporary exposure to drought requires germplasm adapted to ME7 and ME9 adaptation to ME
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8A
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<40°
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0.2
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More than 600 mm rainfall, medium cold, photosensitive
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Moderate cold
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Autumn
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YR, Septoria spp., PM, Fusarium, RDC
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Chillan, Chile
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U–Reduced cold stress allows growing spring wheat, possibly reducing yield potential but shortening growing season
U–Increasing biotic stress
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8B
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<40°
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0.5
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More than 600 mm rainfall
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Moderate cold
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Autumn
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YR, Bunt, LR, RDC, PM
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Transitional zones and Trace, Turkey
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U–Changes in precipitation patterns in areas will have variable effects
N-Frequency of climate extremes over years increase requiring germplasm with high yield potential, wide spectrum of disease resistance and tolerance to drought
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9
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<40°
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6.8
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Low rainfall < 400 mm, winter /spring rainfall dominant
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Moderate cold
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Autumn
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Resistance to drought, cold, heat at grain fill, Yr, Bunt, LR, SR
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West and Central Asia; North Africa (mainly non-dwarf cultivars grown)
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U–Reduced cold stress allows growing spring wheat, possibly reducing yield potential but shortening growing season
U–Changes in precipitation patterns in areas will have variable effects
P–Reduced water deficits through impact of elevated CO2 on water use efficiency
N–Rising temperatures exacerbates water deficits, either further reducing yields or making production uneconomical
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“Winter” Wheat
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10A
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<40°
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4.6
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Irrigated
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Severe cold
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Autumn
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Resistance to winterkill, YR, LR, PM, BYD,
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Beijing, China
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P–Warmer winters reduce severity of winter-kill, increasing yields
N–Warmer spring and summer hasten grain-filling
P–Reduced irrigation due to impact of elevated CO2 on water use efficiency
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10B
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<40°
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1.6
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Often supplementary irrigation
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Severe cold
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Autumn
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Resistance to winterkill, YR, BYD, Bunt, Smut, RDC, Nematodes
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Turkey; Iran; Central Asia
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P–Warmer winters reduce severity of winter-kill, increasing yields
N–Warmer spring and summer hasten grain-filling
P–Reduced irrigation due to impact of elevated CO2 on water use efficiency
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11A
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>40°
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Area in LDC insignificant
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High rainfall/ irrigated, long season
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Severe cold
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Autumn
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Resistance to Septoria spp., Fusarium spp., YR, LR, PM, RDC, BYD,
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Central and Western Europe; NW USA
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P–Warmer winters reduce severity of winter-kill
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11B
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<40°
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Area in LDC insignificant
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High rainfall/ irrigated, short season
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Severe cold
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Autumn
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Resistance to LR, SR, PM, Fusarium, Septoria, BYD, winterkill, sprouting
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SE Europe, North Korea, China
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P–Warmer winters reduce severity of winter-kill
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12
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<40°
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7.9
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Low rainfall between 300-450 mm
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Severe cold
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Autumn
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Resistance to winterkill, drought, heat during grain fill, YR, bunts, Nematodes, RDC, Zinc deficiency, in Turkey and Iran mainly non-dwarf varieties grown
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Ankara, Turkey; West and Central Asia; China
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P–Warmer winters reduce severity of winter-kill
P–Reduced water deficits through impact of elevated CO2 on water use efficiency
N–Increased frequency of years with severe drought
N increased insect problems
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